Bibliography
The below bibliography contains reports which serve as sources for estimating the number of ASM miners in one or more countries. Additional sources providing complementary country information are, where applicable, included as inline links in the corresponding country data sheet.
The reference code either reflects the publishing institution in case of multi-country reports (ACRONYM-YY) or the country identified by its 3-letter ISO code for single-country reports (ISO-YYYYn). This (admittedly strange) system worked best for automatically including all relevant sources into each country data sheet, ensuring that no source is missed.
| Reference | Year | Citation | Link | Archived Copy | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KGZ-2004a | 2004 | Appel, P. et al. (2004): Baseline survey of artisanal and small-scale mining and Teaching seminars for small scale miners in Kyrgyz Republic 2003. GEUS, DK | not anymore online | kgz-2004a.pdf | Kyrgyzstan |
| ETH-2021a | 2021 | Keili, A. Elias, H., Bekele, K. (2021): Artisanal and small-scale mining in Ethiopia. Scoping study for a comprehensive survey. IGC Policy brief 21014. | theigc.org/… | eth-2021a.pdf | Ethiopia |
| SPDA-14 | 2014 | Heck, C., coord. (2014): La realidad de la minería ilegal en países amazónicos. SPDA. Lima. | spda.org.pe/… | spda-14.pdf | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela |
| ARM-18 | 2018 | Barreto, M.L.,Schein, P., Hinton, J., Hruschka, F. (2018): The Impact of Small-Scale Mining Operations on Economies and Livelihoods in Low- to Middle-Income Countries. ARM, Envigado, PACT, Westcombe. | responsiblemines.org/… | arm-18.pdf | Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo DRC, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, France - French Guyana, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niger, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| GEF-21 | 2021 | GEF (2021): Second phase of planetGOLD doubles countries addressing mercury in ASGM. Article on PlanetGOLD website, 29 March 2021 | planetgold.org/… | gef-21.pdf | Bolivia, Congo, Ghana, Honduras, Madagascar, Nigeria, Suriname, Uganda |
| MMR-2019a | 2019 | McFarlane, D., Villalobos, R., (2019): The State of Artisanal Mining in Myanmar. Pact, Washington | pactworld.org/… | mmr-2019a.pdf | Myanmar |
| ZWE-2015a | 2015 | Pact (2015): A Golden Opportunity: Scoping Study of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Zimbabwe. Pact, Washington | pactworld.org/… | zwe-2015a.pdf | Zimbabwe |
| LAO-2018a | 2018 | Moretti, D, Garret, N. (2018): Chapter 15 - Artisanal and small‑scale mining governance: The ‘emerging issue’ of ‘unregulated mining’ in Lao PDR. In: Between the Plough and the Pick. ANU Press | jstor.org/… | lao-2018a.pdf | Lao PDR |
| ILO-99 | 1999 | Jennings, N. (1999): Social and labour issues in small-scale mines. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines. ILO, Geneva. | ilo.org/… | ilo-99.pdf | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo DRC, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France - French Guyana, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niger, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| DOM-2014a | 2014 | Keller, M., Ruete, M., Disney, K. (2014): Supporting Implementation of the Mining Policy Framework in Member States of the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Assessment of implementation readiness. IGF, Winnipeg. | iisd.org/… | dom-2014a.pdf | Dominican Republic |
| PAN-2020a | 2020 | IGF (2020): Mining policy assessment Panama. IISD. | iisd.org/… | pan-2020a.pdf | Panama |
| IGF-18 | 2018 | IGF (2018): Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A review of key numbers and issues. IIED/IISD, London, Winnipeg. | iisd.org/… | igf-18.pdf | Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo DRC, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, France - French Guyana, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niger, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| COL-2014a | 2014 | Echavarria, C. (2014): ‘What is legal?’ Formalising artisanal and small-scale mining in Colombia. ARM, IIED. | iied.org/… | col-2014a.pdf | Colombia |
| ECU-2020a | 2020 | Minambiente, AGC (2020): Línea Base Nacional para la Minería Artesanal y en Pequeña Escala de Oro en Ecuador, Conforme la Convención de Minamata sobre Mercurio. GEF, UNIDO, Vienna. | ambiente.gob.ec/… | ecu-2020a.pdf | Ecuador |
| GMA-18 | 2018 | UNEP (2018): Global Mercury Assessment 2018. Technical Background Report E-Annex. Chapter 3.2. UNEP, Geneva. | wedocs.unep.org/… | gma-18.pdf | Angola, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Congo DRC, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| CHL-2021a | 2021 | Meller, P., Meller, A. (2021):La Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) de Chile. Modelo y buenas prácticas para promover la sostenibilidad de la minería pequeña y artesanal en la región andina. CEPAL, BGR, Santiago. | repositorio.cepal.org/… | chl-2021a.pdf | Chile |
| COL-2015a | 2015 | IIED (2015): Participation as policy: time to formalise artisanal and small- scale mining in Colombia. IIED Briefing Feb 2015, ARM, IIED. London. | pubs.iied.org/… | col-2015a.pdf | Colombia |
| MMSD-03 | 2003 | Hentschel, T., Hruschka, F., Priester, M. (2003): Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining - Challenges and Opportunities. MMSD (IIED), London. | pubs.iied.org/… | mmsd-03.pdf | Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Ecuador, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| HIL-16 | 2016 | Hilson, G. (2016): Artisanal and small-scale mining and agriculture: Exploring their links in rural sub-Saharan Africa. IIED, London. | pubs.iied.org/… | hil-16.pdf | Angola, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Ivory Coast, Congo DRC, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe |
| IIED-13 | 2013 | Buxton, A. (2013): Responding to the challenge of artisanal and small-scale mining. How can knowledge networks help? IIED, London. | pubs.iied.org/… | iied-13.pdf | Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, China, Congo DRC, Ecuador, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| AMDC-17 | 2017 | AMDC (2017): ASM Sector Report. Selected countries policy profile review of ASM | knowledge.uneca.org/… | amdc-17.pdf | Angola, Central African Republic, Congo DRC, Chad, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzanis, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| ETH-2016a | 2016 | EEITI (2016): Artisanal Mining Operation and its Economic Values, Ethiopia. EEITI, Addis Abbeba. | eiti.org/… | eth-2016a.pdf | Ethiopia |
| CRI-2019a | 2019 | Villalobos, N.F.: Exposición a mercurio de las personas que trabajan en la minería artesanal de oro, Costa Rica, 2015-2016. PSM Volumen 17, número 1 Art. Cient. 07-12 2019 | doi.org/… | cri-2019a.pdf | Costa Rica |
| UBC-14 | 2014 | Seccatore, J., Veiga, M., et al. (Univ. of British Columbia - UBC) (2014): An estimation of the artisanal small-scale production of gold in the world. Scitotenv. 496. | doi.org/… | ubc-14.pdf | Algeria, Angola, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo DRC, Cuba, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, France - French Guyana, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| ALB-2009a | 2009 | World Bank (2009): Governance Partnership Facility-funded Study on Small Scale Mining-SSM- in Albania: Improving Transparency, Accountability and Development Impacts. Chromite Ores in the Zone Batra-Bulquiza | documents1.worldbank.org/… | alb-2009a.pdf | Albania |
| NGA-2021a | 2021 | Schneck, N., Ndagano, P., Olaniyi, O. (2021): Nigeria, Artisanal and small-scale sector. Delve Country Profile. World Bank, Pact, Washington | delvedatabase.org/… | nga-2021a.pdf | Nigeria |
| MDG-2021a | 2021 | Ndagano, P., Schneck, N. (2021): Madagascar, Artisanal and small-scale sector. Delve Country Profile. World Bank, Pact, Washington | delvedatabase.org/… | mdg-2021a.pdf | Madagascar |
| TZA-2020a | 2020 | Delve (2020): Delve Country Profile Tanzania. World Bank, Pact, Washington. | delvedatabase.org/… | tza-2020a.pdf | Tanzania |
| IDN-2020a | 2020 | Delve (2020): Delve Country Profile: Indonesia | delvedatabase.org/… | idn-2020a.pdf | Indonesia |
| DELVE-19 | 2019 | World Bank (2019): 2019 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector. World Bank, Washington D.C. | delvedatabase.org/… | delve-19.pdf | Ghana, Mongolia, Guyana, Peru, Morocco, India |
| LBR-2021a | 2021 | Ndagano, P., Schneck, N., Ghate S. (2021): Liberia Artisanal and small-scale sector. Delve Country Profile. World Bank, Pact, Washinhton | delvedatabase.org/… | lbr-2021a.pdf | Liberia |
| AFG-2021a | 2021 | DeWitt, J.D., Sunder, S., and Boston, K.M., 2021, Afghanistan artisanal and Small- scale mining sector, Delve Country Profile, World Bank Extractives Global Programmatic Support Multi- Donor Trust Fund, Pact, in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., 52 p. | delvedatabase.org/… | afg-2021a.pdf | Afghanistan |
| CASM-07 | 2007 | CASM (2007): Briefing Note: Artisanal Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prepared for discussion and validation at the DRC Donor coordination meeting facilitated by CASM (Kinshasa 15-17 August 2007). | delvedatabase.org/… | casm-07.pdf | Congo DRC |
| ITDG-01 | 2001 | Dreschler, B. (2001): Small-scale Mining and Sustainable Development within the SADC Region. MMSD, ITDG, London | commdev.org/… | itdg-01.pdf | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| KEN-2018a | 2018 | ARM (2018): Economic Contributions of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Kenya: Gold and Gemstones. UKAID/Pact/ARM, Westcombe. | assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/… | ken-2018a.pdf | Kenya |
| ZWE-2018a | 2018 | ZEPARU (2018): Pathway to foermalization of Artisanal Mining in Zimbabwe. Harare.. | zeparu.co.zw/… | zwe-2018a.pdf | Zimbabwe |
| MOZ-2022a | 2022 | MIREME, INE (2022): Censo de Mineradores Artesanais de Mocambique | ine.gov.mz/… | moz-2022a.pdf | Mozambique |
| CRI-2017b | 2017 | MINAE (2017): Análisis socieconómico: Minería de oro artesanal y sustitución de productos. Anexo A, parte I. | digeca.go.cr/… | cri-2017b.pdf | Costa Rica |
| CRI-2017a | 2017 | MINAE (2017): Estado de situación: Uso de amalgamas y minería artesanal en Costa Rica. | digeca.go.cr/… | cri-2017a.pdf | Costa Rica |