Mozambique
ASM Population: 640,000
Total: Interpretation of the excellent and very detailed census MOZ-2022a: As min and max have a different scope (just mining vs. including supply chain) a value “in between” is considered a valid interpretation, compatible with estimates from other countries. A value slightly above the arithmetic average of min/max is taken, to account for provinces that were not accessible, and because the overall scope of the census was only artisanal mining, not including small-scale mining (as usuall in most other countries) → 640,000
Min/max: as per MOZ-2022a, rounded to thousands → 460,000 - 807,000
Female participation: reported as 11.7% directly engaged in extraction, but 41,6% in trading. Other support staff (in mining and supply chain) is not disaggregated. As support activities of women are commonly not perceived as “work” and therefore underreported, overall female participation is interpreted as likely in the range of 30%. → 192,000
Gold: 136,160 out of the 229,680 persons directly engaged in extraction corresponds to 60% ASGM. It can be assumed that this percentage also applies to the Total → 385,000
Data sources for estimation
2022: 460,892 - 806,957
(MOZ-2022a) Artisanal mining census
Total persons involved in ASM - Table 10.1 disaggregated by provinces and type of activity) Envolvido na mineração artesanal: 460,892 (of which 229.680 directly engaged in extraction, 141,869 on own account and 87,811 as workers; and 231,212 other staff) Envolvido em cadeia de valor da mineração com outras actividades: 346,065 (of which 151,688 trader/supplier (Comerciante); and 194,377 other staff) Total: 806,957 Gender disaggregation Table 4.1, Out of sub-sample of 229,680 directly engaged in extraction: 88.3% men, 11.7% women. Table 9.1, Out of sub-sample of 151,688 traders: 58,4% men, 41,6% women. Minerals mined - Table 4.14, Out of the sub-sample of 229,680 persons directly engaged in extraction: Gold 136,160 Gemstones 22,820 Tantalite 172 Clay 14,623 Construction Stone 36,243 Sand 19,085 Coal 577
2018: 100,000
(IGF-18): Table 3
Directly working in ASM: 100,000 Estimated number of dependants: 1,200,000 Main Minerals: Gold, Coloured gemstones
2016: 100,000
(HIL-16):
Directly working in ASM: 100,000 Estimated number of dependants: 1,200,000
2014: 291,000
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling:
Expected ASM population: 291,000 Estimated ASM gold production: 3 t/a
2013: 60,000
(IIED-13): 60,000
2003: 60,000
(MMSD-03): Estimate for MMSD research country: 60,000
MMSD study by B.Drechsler (https://commdev.org/pdf/publications/Small-Scale-Mining-Development-SADC-Region.pdf)
1999: 50,400
(ILO-99): Employment: 700 - 100,000
Number of mines: 150
Illegal mines: +/- 95%
Publications
| Reference | Year | Citation | Archived Copy | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMDC-17 | 2017 | AMDC (2017): ASM Sector Report. Selected countries policy profile review of ASM | amdc-17.pdf | knowledge.uneca.org/… |
| ARM-18 | 2018 | Barreto, M.L.,Schein, P., Hinton, J., Hruschka, F. (2018): The Impact of Small-Scale Mining Operations on Economies and Livelihoods in Low- to Middle-Income Countries. ARM, Envigado, PACT, Westcombe. | arm-18.pdf | responsiblemines.org/… |
| IIED-13 | 2013 | Buxton, A. (2013): Responding to the challenge of artisanal and small-scale mining. How can knowledge networks help? IIED, London. | iied-13.pdf | pubs.iied.org/… |
| ITDG-01 | 2001 | Dreschler, B. (2001): Small-scale Mining and Sustainable Development within the SADC Region. MMSD, ITDG, London | itdg-01.pdf | commdev.org/… |
| MMSD-03 | 2003 | Hentschel, T., Hruschka, F., Priester, M. (2003): Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining - Challenges and Opportunities. MMSD (IIED), London. | mmsd-03.pdf | pubs.iied.org/… |
| HIL-16 | 2016 | Hilson, G. (2016): Artisanal and small-scale mining and agriculture: Exploring their links in rural sub-Saharan Africa. IIED, London. | hil-16.pdf | pubs.iied.org/… |
| IGF-18 | 2018 | IGF (2018): Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A review of key numbers and issues. IIED/IISD, London, Winnipeg. | igf-18.pdf | iisd.org/… |
| ILO-99 | 1999 | Jennings, N. (1999): Social and labour issues in small-scale mines. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines. ILO, Geneva. | ilo-99.pdf | ilo.org/… |
| MOZ-2022a | 2022 | MIREME, INE (2022): Censo de Mineradores Artesanais de Mocambique | moz-2022a.pdf | ine.gov.mz/… |
| UBC-14 | 2014 | Seccatore, J., Veiga, M., et al. (Univ. of British Columbia - UBC) (2014): An estimation of the artisanal small-scale production of gold in the world. Scitotenv. 496. | ubc-14.pdf | doi.org/… |
| GMA-18 | 2018 | UNEP (2018): Global Mercury Assessment 2018. Technical Background Report E-Annex. Chapter 3.2. UNEP, Geneva. | gma-18.pdf | wedocs.unep.org/… |
Further Materials
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0k64ZQOWlr51JAAbMzdhEx2Mm9vbT0G
Articles:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420708000743
https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/gold_mining_in_mozambique.pdf
https://africanminingbrief.com/2021/03/17/mozambique-to-conduct-national-small-scale-mining-census/
Data section
| ASM DATA - Country Database Record | |
|---|---|
| Country Code | MOZ |
| Country | Mozambique |
| ASM Status | Existing (data assessed) |
| Country Count | 1 |
| Data year | 2022 |
| Publ. year | 2022 |
| ASM Miners | 640,000 |
| - gold | 385 ,000 |
| Data curation | as reported |
| Inc. DevMin | yes |
| - min. | 460,000 |
| - max. | 807,000 |
| - female | 192 ,000 |
| ASM Commodities | gold, gemstone, tantalite, clay, construction materials, coal |