Myanmar
ASM Population: 525,000
Excellent and recent data from Pact (MMR-2019a):
Total: 521,000 + adding 4,000 for artisanal oil drilling not covered in MMR-2019a → 525,000
Min/max: 271,000 - 1,228,000
Female participation: 10% → 52,000
Gold: 173,000
Data sources for estimation
2019
(MMR-2019a):
Pact has estimated 520,000 people directly employed in ASM, with a range between 270,000 and 1,200,000.
From Table 2:
High Low Median
Gold: 693,500 104,025 173,375
Gemstone: 423,000 151,200 276,750 (incl. Jade)
Tin: 32,000 4,000 20,000
Other metals: 12,000 3,000 6,000
Industrial minerals: 67,500 9,000 45,000
TOTAL: 1,228,000 271,000 521,000
Based on interviews, approximately 5 – 20% of the mining workforce in (legal) small-scale mines are women: within the informal sector this figure is estimated to be around 10%.
Asked about the significance of female roles in the ASM community, 32% stated they were ‘essential’, 48% stated their role was ‘fair’, and the remainder didn’t know.
2018
Personal interviews with NRGI and MCBP: 200,000 gemstone miners, 200,000 tin miners
NatGeo: 5,000 oil miners
2013
Personal information by xxx during SAM Conference: 50,000 gold miner
1999: 14,000
(ILO-99): Employment: 14,000
Number of mines: 50 - 120
Illegal mines: +/- 5%
Publications
| Reference | Year | Citation | Archived Copy | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMR-2019a | 2019 | McFarlane, D., Villalobos, R., (2019): The State of Artisanal Mining in Myanmar. Pact, Washington | mmr-2019a.pdf | pactworld.org/… |
| ARM-18 | 2018 | Barreto, M.L.,Schein, P., Hinton, J., Hruschka, F. (2018): The Impact of Small-Scale Mining Operations on Economies and Livelihoods in Low- to Middle-Income Countries. ARM, Envigado, PACT, Westcombe. | arm-18.pdf | responsiblemines.org/… |
| IGF-18 | 2018 | IGF (2018): Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A review of key numbers and issues. IIED/IISD, London, Winnipeg. | igf-18.pdf | iisd.org/… |
| GMA-18 | 2018 | UNEP (2018): Global Mercury Assessment 2018. Technical Background Report E-Annex. Chapter 3.2. UNEP, Geneva. | gma-18.pdf | wedocs.unep.org/… |
| ILO-99 | 1999 | Jennings, N. (1999): Social and labour issues in small-scale mines. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines. ILO, Geneva. | ilo-99.pdf | ilo.org/… |
Further Materials
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5858BDB1490B7C64
Articles:
https://www.macfilos.com/2020/12/18/under-threat-artisanal-oil-drilling-in-myanmar/
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/131127-manual-oil-drilling-myanmar
Data section
| ASM DATA - Country Database Record | |
|---|---|
| Country Code | MMR |
| Country | Myanmar |
| ASM Status | Existing (data assessed) |
| Country Count | 1 |
| Data year | 2019 |
| Publ. year | 2019 |
| ASM Miners | 525,000 |
| - gold | 173 ,000 |
| Data curation | as reported |
| Inc. DevMin | yes |
| - min. | 271,000 |
| - max. | 1,228,000 |
| - female | 52 ,000 |
| ASM Commodities | gemstone, gold, industrial minerals, tin, other metals, oil |